A Data-Driven Measure of REM Sleep Propensity for Human and Rodent Sleep

Naghmeh Akhavan; Alexander G. Ginsberg; Madelyn E. C. Cruz; Yunxi Yan; Shelby R. Stowe; Dinesh Pal; Franz Weber; Cecilia G. Diniz Behn; Victoria Booth

arXiv · 2604.01252

A Data-Driven Measure of REM Sleep Propensity for Human and Rodent Sleep

Naghmeh Akhavan·Alexander G. Ginsberg·Madelyn E. C. Cruz·Yunxi Yan·Shelby R. Stowe·Dinesh Pal·Franz Weber·Cecilia G. Diniz Behn·Victoria Booth

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Abstract

Mammalian sleep is characterized by multiple alternations between episodes of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) and non-REM sleep (NREMS). While the mechanisms governing the timing of these ultradian NREMS-REMS cycles remain poorly understood, the phenomenon of REMS pressure, namely a drive for REMS that builds up between REMS episodes, is thought to be a contributing factor. Prior analyses of NREMS-REMS cycles in mice has suggested that time in NREMS is a primary contributor to REMS pressure. Building on that finding, we previously introduced a REMS propensity measure defined as the probability to enter REMS before the accumulation of an additional amount of NREMS. Analyzing mouse ultradian cycle data, we showed that REMS propensity at REMS onset was positively correlated with REMS bout duration and with the probability of the occurrence of a REMS bout followed by a short inter-REMS interval, called a sequential REMS cycle. In this paper, we extend our analyses of REMS propensity to human and rat ultradian NREMS-REMS cycle data. We show that, as in mice, human and rat sleep contain both short NREMS-REMS sequential cycles and longer single NREMS-REMS cycles, though there are some differences in the relative distributions of cycle durations. Although rodents exhibit polyphasic sleep in contrast with the consolidated sleep of humans, the calculated REMS propensity measures in all three species show similar profiles as functions of time spent in NREMS: specifically, REMS propensity increases with time spent in NREMS until it reaches a peak value, and then it decays with additional time in NREMS. Positive correlations of REMS propensity at REMS onset with REMS bout duration were present in both human and rat data as in mouse data, suggesting that time spent in NREMS also influences REMS duration in these species.

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Naghmeh Akhavan, Alexander G. Ginsberg, Madelyn E. C. Cruz, Yunxi Yan, Shelby R. Stowe, Dinesh Pal, Franz Weber, Cecilia G. Diniz Behn, Victoria Booth. 2026-04-01. A Data-Driven Measure of REM Sleep Propensity for Human and Rodent Sleep. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.01252

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