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arXiv · 2604.02895

A Topological Origin of Black Hole Mass

Sandipan Sengupta
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Abstract

We show that the notion of a black hole mass could be superceded by that of a topological charge in a spacetime without matter and curvature singularity. This feature emerges through a set new spacetime solutions of first order gravity in vacuum, named as bubble spacetimes, constructed here by weaving together the degenerate and nondegenerate metric phases. For a static bubble, the boundary surface connecting the two phases is characterized by a universal topological number. Notably, this surface coincides with the photon sphere of the conventional black hole irrespective of the presence of the cosmological constant. In contrast, a phase boundary located at the event horizon is shown to be topologically trivial. Thus, along with the black hole mass, the photon sphere also acquires a topological interpretation.

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Sandipan Sengupta. 2026-04-03. A Topological Origin of Black Hole Mass. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02895

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