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arXiv · 2604.03503

The morphologies of present-day galaxies in the COLIBRE simulations

Victor J. Forouhar Moreno·Joop Schaye·Matthieu Schaller·Aaron Ludlow·Robert J. McGibbon·Alejandro Benítez-Llambay·Evgenii Chaikin·Carlos S. Frenk·Filip Huško·Sylvia Ploeckinger·Alexander J. Richings·James W. Trayford
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Abstract

The diversity of galaxy morphologies and their relations with galaxy and halo properties is fundamental to understanding galaxy formation. Cosmological simulations of representative volumes can help disentangle the origin of observed correlations, but most suffer from two main limitations that affect morphologies: an over-pressurised interstellar medium and spurious interactions between stellar and dark matter particles. We present an overview of galaxy morphologies in the COLIBRE simulations, which address these limitations and reproduce many observed galaxy scaling relations. To quantify galaxy morphology, we use four (strongly-correlated) theory-space metrics, three kinematic and one spatial. We explore how different choices and limitations affect these indicators, including luminosity- versus mass-weighting, aperture size and shot noise. Overall, we find good convergence in present-day morphologies across two orders of magnitude in mass resolution. COLIBRE predicts that kinematic morphology correlates strongly with stellar mass and colour, and that galaxies with stellar masses of $\approx(1-2)\times 10^{10}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ tend to be the most rotationally-dominated. At fixed stellar mass, the morphology of central galaxies correlates weakly with the properties of their host halo. Morphology correlates more strongly with internal galaxy properties, with more disky galaxies being more gas-rich, having higher star formation rates and exhibiting younger and more extended stellar populations. Other properties, like the mass of the most massive black hole, the fraction of stars that are accreted and stellar metallicity, also correlate with morphology, but with correlation strengths sensitive to the stellar mass of the galaxy and whether it is a central or satellite.

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Victor J. Forouhar Moreno, Joop Schaye, Matthieu Schaller, Aaron Ludlow, Robert J. McGibbon, Alejandro Benítez-Llambay, Evgenii Chaikin, Carlos S. Frenk, Filip Huško, Sylvia Ploeckinger, Alexander J. Richings, James W. Trayford. 2026-04-03. The morphologies of present-day galaxies in the COLIBRE simulations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03503

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