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arXiv · 2604.04171

A Model of Understanding in Deep Learning Systems

David Peter Wallis Freeborn
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Abstract

I propose a model of systematic understanding, suitable for machine learning systems. On this account, an agent understands a property of a target system when it contains an adequate internal model that tracks real regularities, is coupled to the target by stable bridge principles, and supports reliable prediction. I argue that contemporary deep learning systems often can and do achieve such understanding. However they generally fall short of the ideal of scientific understanding: the understanding is symbolically misaligned with the target system, not explicitly reductive, and only weakly unifying. I label this the Fractured Understanding Hypothesis.

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David Peter Wallis Freeborn. 2026-04-05. A Model of Understanding in Deep Learning Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.04171

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