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arXiv · 2604.06624

Dynamic Modeling of Data-Center Power Delivery for Power System Resonance Analysis

Xingyu Zhao·Junbo Zhao
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Abstract

The rapid proliferation of data centers is reshaping modern power system dynamics. Unlike legacy industrial loads, data centers have power-electronic interfaces whose multi-timescale dynamics can interact strongly with the grid, inducing oscillatory behavior. However, analytical models that are grid-integratable for revealing the underlying resonance mechanisms remain largely unexplored. To fill this research gap, this paper derives an explicit, component-informed dynamic model of data-center power-delivery chains, which preserves component-level fidelity and captures inter-stage control interactions. This model is formulated as a time-invariant representation in the positive-sequence domain, enabling seamless integration with the phasor (or RMS) domain power-system dynamic models. The analytical derivation reveals how realistic server-load fluctuations at specific frequencies can excite coupled control modes, thereby inducing oscillation amplification and propagation in power grids with heterogeneous dynamic resources, including synchronous machines and grid-forming/following inverters. Case studies on test systems with some realistic data center data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.

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Xingyu Zhao, Junbo Zhao. 2026-04-08. Dynamic Modeling of Data-Center Power Delivery for Power System Resonance Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06624

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