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arXiv · 2604.07900

AnomalyAgent: Agentic Industrial Anomaly Synthesis via Tool-Augmented Reinforcement Learning

Jiaming Su·Tengchao Yang·Ruikang Zhang·Zhengan Yan·Haoyu Sun·Linfeng Zhang
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Abstract

Industrial anomaly generation is a crucial method for alleviating the data scarcity problem in anomaly detection tasks. Most existing anomaly synthesis methods rely on single-step generation mechanisms, lacking complex reasoning and iterative optimization capabilities, making it difficult to generate anomaly samples with high semantic realism. We propose AnomalyAgent, an anomaly synthesis agent with self-reflection, knowledge retrieval, and iterative refinement capabilities, aiming to generate realistic and diverse anomalies. Specifically, AnomalyAgent is equipped with five tools: Prompt Generation (PG), Image Generation (IG), Quality Evaluation (QE), Knowledge Retrieval (KR), and Mask Generation (MG), enabling closed-loop optimization. To improve decision-making and self-reflection, we construct structured trajectories from real anomaly images and design a two-stage training framework: supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning. This process is driven by a three-part reward mechanism: (1) task rewards to supervise the quality and location rationality of generated anomalies; (2) reflection rewards to train the model's ability to improve anomaly synthesis prompt; (3) behavioral rewards to ensure adherence to the trajectory. On the MVTec-AD dataset, AnomalyAgent achieves IS/IC-L of 2.10/0.33 for anomaly generation, 57.0% classification accuracy using ResNet34, and 99.3%/74.2% AP at the image/pixel level using a simple UNet, surpassing all zero-shot SOTA methods. The code and data will be made publicly available.

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Jiaming Su, Tengchao Yang, Ruikang Zhang, Zhengan Yan, Haoyu Sun, Linfeng Zhang. 2026-04-09. AnomalyAgent: Agentic Industrial Anomaly Synthesis via Tool-Augmented Reinforcement Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07900

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