StreamMark: A Deep Learning-Based Semi-Fragile Audio Watermarking for Proactive Deepfake Detection

Zhentao Liu; Milos Cernak

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arXiv · 2604.11917

StreamMark: A Deep Learning-Based Semi-Fragile Audio Watermarking for Proactive Deepfake Detection

Zhentao Liu·Milos Cernak

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Abstract

The rapid advancement of generative AI has made it increasingly challenging to distinguish between deepfake audio and authentic human speech. To overcome the limitations of passive detection methods, we propose StreamMark, a novel deep learning-based, semi-fragile audio watermarking system. StreamMark is designed to be robust against benign audio conversions that preserve semantic meaning (e.g., compression, noise) while remaining fragile to malicious, semantics-altering manipulations (e.g., voice conversion, speech editing). Our method introduces a complex-domain embedding technique within a unique Encoder-Distortion-Decoder architecture, trained explicitly to differentiate between these two classes of transformations. Comprehensive benchmarks demonstrate that StreamMark achieves high imperceptibility (SNR 24.16 dB, PESQ 4.20), is resilient to real-world distortions like Opus encoding, and exhibits principled fragility against a suite of deepfake attacks, with message recovery accuracy dropping to chance levels (~50%), while remaining robust to benign AI-based style transfers (ACC >98%).

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BibTeX RIS

Zhentao Liu, Milos Cernak. 2026-04-13. StreamMark: A Deep Learning-Based Semi-Fragile Audio Watermarking for Proactive Deepfake Detection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11917

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