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arXiv · 2604.12134

The balance problem for $n$ aligned black holes

Jörg Hennig
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Abstract

An intriguing open problem in general relativity is whether a stationary equilibrium configuration of multiple, physically relevant black holes can exist. In such a hypothetical setup, the gravitational attraction would need to be balanced by the repulsive spin-spin and electromagnetic interactions. This contribution reports on a method to address this problem for an arbitrary number of $n$ aligned, rotating and possibly charged black holes in an asymptotically flat spacetime. By employing soliton methods to study the underlying boundary value problem for the Einstein-Maxwell equations, we derive the most general form of the boundary data on the symmetry axis. The resulting axis potentials are necessarily rational functions of a specific form, depending on a finite number of parameters. This powerful result reduces the search for $n$-black-hole solutions from solving a highly nonlinear PDE system to analysing a well-defined, finite-parameter family of candidate solutions. We briefly review known results for special cases, such as the constructive uniqueness proofs for a single black hole in vacuum or electrovacuum, and the non-existence proof for two stationary black holes in vacuum, before stating the open problem for more general configurations.

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Jörg Hennig. 2026-04-13. The balance problem for $n$ aligned black holes. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596%2F3177%2F1%2F012022

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