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arXiv · 2604.12577

Ternary Quantum Eraser Cryptography

Ahmed Halawani·Yahya Meshalwi Khabrani·Abdulaziz Al-Mogheeth·Zheng-Hong Li·M. Al-Amri
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Abstract

Quantum key distribution protocols based on the quantum eraser phenomenon offer an operational advantage: automatic identification of matching and mismatching encoding choices through interference, eliminating basis reconciliation. However, binary quantum eraser implementations permit an eavesdropper to recover Alice's encoded bit with $85\%$ probability. To overcome this constraint, we introduce a ternary quantum eraser protocol employing three polarization states with $120^\circ$ angular separation, transmitted in three-photon groups with randomized temporal ordering. This extension achieves enhanced security through two complementary mechanisms. First, the reduced distinguishability of symmetrically-arranged quantum states limits single-photon discrimination. Second, the combinatorial complexity of unknown photon ordering constrains multi-photon eavesdropping strategies. Security analysis against individual eavesdropping attacks within the four-dimensional path-polarization Hilbert space establishes that an eavesdropper's maximum success probability is bounded at $54\%$, substantially below the binary discrimination bound. The protocol maintains a binary-equivalent efficiency of 0.30 bits per photon, comparable to established binary QKD protocols at the sifted-rate level, while preserving the operational simplicity inherent to quantum eraser cryptography.

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Ahmed Halawani, Yahya Meshalwi Khabrani, Abdulaziz Al-Mogheeth, Zheng-Hong Li, M. Al-Amri. 2026-04-14. Ternary Quantum Eraser Cryptography. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12577

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