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arXiv · 2604.16606

SafeLM: Unified Privacy-Aware Optimization for Trustworthy Federated Large Language Models

Noor Islam S. Mohammad·Uluğ Bayazıt
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Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, yet a unified treatment of their overlapping safety challenges remains lacking. We present SafeLM, a framework that jointly addresses four pillars of LLM safety: privacy, security, misinformation, and adversarial robustness. SafeLM combines federated training with gradient smartification and Paillier encryption for privacy, integrates defenses against training and inference-time attacks, employs contrastive grounding with calibrated decoding to reduce hallucinations, and introduces alignment-aware binarized aggregation to enhance robustness while maintaining bounded reconstruction quality. Across benchmarks on factuality, toxicity, and membership inference, SafeLM achieves 98.0% harmful content detection accuracy, reduces communication by 96.9%, and lowers gradient inversion PSNR from 31.7 dB to 15.1 dB. Ablations show that each component contributes independently, whereas their integration yields a strong privacy utility efficiency trade-off for deploying trustworthy LLMs.

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Noor Islam S. Mohammad, Uluğ Bayazıt. 2026-04-17. SafeLM: Unified Privacy-Aware Optimization for Trustworthy Federated Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16606

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