Irreducible Gravitational Wave Background as a Particle Detector

Abstract

Beyond the standard model particles can imprint a temporary early matter-dominated epoch on a stochastic gravitational-wave background. For a freely propagating background whose production has ceased, we show that the resulting feature contains two characteristic frequencies that determine the particle decay rate $\Gamma$ and the abundance-weighted mass $Y_iM$, independently of the microphysical origin of the gravitational-wave source. Using numerical scans, we derive semi-analytic relations between these characteristic frequencies and the BSM particle parameters, and quantify the parameter ranges over which these relations remain valid. For backgrounds that remain actively sourced, the end of early matter domination continues to define a source-independent cosmological frequency scale controlled by $\Gamma$, although the second feature, and hence the inference of $Y_iM$, is source dependent. Once a particle model and production mechanism are specified, the measured combinations can be translated into masses and microscopic couplings. Remarkably, decay lengths targeted by upcoming long-lived-particle searches map directly onto the nanohertz range in which NANOGrav has reported evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background.