Precision Analysis for $\boldsymbol{H_0}$ Using Upcoming Multi-band Gravitational Wave Observations

Abstract

We investigate how multi-band gravitational wave (GW) observations can constrain the uncertainties in the Hubble parameter ($H_0$) using primordial black holes (PBHs) as possible sources. Our framework combines scalar-induced and merger-induced GWs from PBHs, and forecasts on a combination of two future detectors Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and the Einstein Telescope (ET), enabling a multi-band analysis. We perform a statistical forecast of the PBH parameters, $M_{\rm PBH}$ and $f_{\rm PBH}$, using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimates and Fisher matrix analysis. Imposing $\mathrm{SNR} \geq 1$, we identify the accessible PBH parameter space and propagate these uncertainties to estimate the corresponding uncertainties in $H_0$. For $\delta \theta_i/\theta_i \leq 0.1$, with $\theta_i \equiv M_{\rm PBH}(f_{\rm PBH})$, we find $\delta H_0 \lesssim 2~{\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ in a conservative approach, improving to $\delta H_0 \lesssim \mathcal{O}(0.1)~{\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ for $\delta \theta_i/\theta_i \leq 0.01$ for an optimistic approach of precision measurement. The results are further found to be largely insensitive to the fiducial choice of the $H_0$, with only moderate dependence on the PBH collapse efficiency. These findings demonstrate that multi-band GW observations provide an independent and complementary approach to constraining the uncertainties in $H_0$, with the potential to provide a novel, cosmic distance ladder-independent measure of the Hubble parameter.