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arXiv · 2604.23697

Unified Energy Function Tailored to Inverter-Based Resources with PI Controllers for Transient Stability Analysis

Yifan Zhang·Hsiao-Dong Chiang·Yitong Li·Yang Wu
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Abstract

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) has fundamentally altered the transient stability characteristics of modern power systems. IBRs typically rely on proportional--integral (PI) controllers for synchronization and regulation, resulting in nonlinear swing equations that differ significantly from those of synchronous generators (SGs) and exhibit state-dependent damping. Consequently, although the classical energy function is often adopted in IBR analysis by analogy with SGs, it cannot be directly applied to IBRs with PI controller. A new energy function explicitly tailored to PI controller is proposed in this letter. It admits a unified form and can be applied to a class of nonlinear systems with PI controllers. Two representative cases are considered, including a grid-following (GFL) inverter and a DC-voltage-controlled grid-forming (GFM) inverter, demonstrating less conservative and more effective estimation of the region of attraction (ROA). All findings are verified through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments.

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Yifan Zhang, Hsiao-Dong Chiang, Yitong Li, Yang Wu. 2026-04-26. Unified Energy Function Tailored to Inverter-Based Resources with PI Controllers for Transient Stability Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.23697

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