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arXiv · 2605.00117

Dispersion Relations Across the Unitarity Boundary

Kejun Liu
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Abstract

Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations rest on a binary premise: a response function is either analytic in the upper half-plane or it is not. We show that a single reduced-state transform organizes both outcomes into a sharp dichotomy controlled by microscopic unitarity. One closed-form function carries, simultaneously, a zero and a pole in the upper half-plane; the spectral abscissa alpha of the reduced propagator decides which is realized. For alpha < 0 (unitary reduction) the upper-half-plane object is a protected zero: KK holds, yet the zero is directly measurable from a finite-time coherence record by a damped Fourier transform (no analytic continuation), obeying a closed law Im(zeta) = 0.3092 g. For alpha > 0 (gain-driven non-unitary reduction) the zero is replaced by a genuine pole, the Blaschke winding number jumps from 0 to 1, and KK acquires a Lorentzian residue correction scaling as a power law with negative exponent nu ~ -1.08, peaking at threshold. The protected zero is not inert: any scalar single-channel kernel extraction is forced to reproduce a phantom resonance -- a refractive feature with no absorptive origin, at a protocol-independent frequency -- without any initial system-bath correlation. We give the closed-form criteria, a measurable terahertz signature (31-1391 GHz), and the solvable dimer and Jaynes-Cummings models that realize both sides of the boundary.

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Kejun Liu. 2026-04-30. Dispersion Relations Across the Unitarity Boundary. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.00117

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