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arXiv · 2605.01345

The Perceptual Bandwidth Bottleneck in Vision-Language Models: Active Visual Reasoning via Sequential Experimental Design

Anjie Liu·Ziqin Gong·Yan Song·Yuxiang Chen·Xiaolong Liu·Hengtong Lu·Kaike Zhang·Chen Wei·Jun Wang
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Abstract

Visual perception in modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs) is constrained by a perceptual bandwidth bottleneck: a broad field of view preserves global context but sacrifices the fine-grained details required for complex reasoning. We argue that high-resolution visual reasoning is therefore not only semantic reasoning but also task-relevant evidence acquisition under limited perceptual bandwidth. Inspired by active vision and information foraging, we formalise this process as sequential Bayesian optimal experimental design (S-BOED), where an agent decides which visual evidence to acquire before answering. Since exact Bayesian inference is intractable in continuous gigapixel spaces, we derive a tractable coverage--resolution objective as a proxy for task-relevant information gain. We instantiate this framework with FOVEA, a training-free procedure that refines VLM crop proposals through evidence-oriented probing. Experiments on high-resolution benchmarks show consistent gains over direct and ReAct-style baselines, with particularly strong improvements in search-dominated remote-sensing settings.

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Anjie Liu, Ziqin Gong, Yan Song, Yuxiang Chen, Xiaolong Liu, Hengtong Lu, Kaike Zhang, Chen Wei, Jun Wang. 2026-05-02. The Perceptual Bandwidth Bottleneck in Vision-Language Models: Active Visual Reasoning via Sequential Experimental Design. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01345

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