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arXiv · 2605.03223

Constraining Tsallis Corrections to Photon Reheating from Electron-Positron Annihilation: A Phenomenological Approach

Matias P. Gonzalez
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Abstract

In this work we generalize the entropy transfer from electron-positron annihilation to photons in the early Universe. The generalization is implemented within the Tsallis formalism by using generalized distribution functions derived from Curado-Tsallis constraints. Through this deformation, the entropy density of the electromagnetic sector is modified, while the photon component is kept extensive. Therefore, the nonextensive correction is introduced only in the $e^-e^+$ pairs. This affects the entropic degrees of freedom before electron-positron annihilation and consequently modifies the temperature ratio $T_\nu/T_\gamma$. The resulting correction is then mapped into an effective value of \(N_{\rm eff}\) within the instantaneous decoupling approximation. Comparing this effective thermodynamic estimate with CMB$+$BAO data, and using BBN only as an illustrative Gaussian comparison, we obtain an order-of-magnitude phenomenological interval for the nonextensive parameter. The result should not be interpreted as a precision neutrino decoupling constraint, since a full treatment would require solving the kinetic evolution of the neutrino sector, including non-instantaneous decoupling, finite-temperature QED effects and possible spectral distortions.

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Matias P. Gonzalez. 2026-05-04. Constraining Tsallis Corrections to Photon Reheating from Electron-Positron Annihilation: A Phenomenological Approach. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc%2Fs10052-026-15906-7

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