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arXiv · 2605.06295

Attributions All the Way Down? The Metagame of Interpretability

Hubert Baniecki·Przemyslaw Biecek·Fabian Fumagalli
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Abstract

We introduce the metagame, a conceptual framework for quantifying second-order interaction effects of model explanations. For any first-order attribution $\phi(f)$ explaining a model $f$, we measure the directional influence of feature $j$ on the attribution of feature $i$, denoted as meta-attribution $\varphi_{j \to i}(f)$, by treating the attribution method itself as a cooperative game and computing its Shapley value. Theoretically, we prove that attributions hierarchically decompose into meta-attributions, and establish these as directional extensions of existing interaction indices. Empirically, we demonstrate that the metagame delivers insights across diverse interpretability applications: (i) quantifying token interactions in instruction-tuned language models, (ii) explaining cross-modal similarity in vision-language encoders, and (iii) interpreting text-to-image concepts in multimodal diffusion transformers.

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Hubert Baniecki, Przemyslaw Biecek, Fabian Fumagalli. 2026-05-07. Attributions All the Way Down? The Metagame of Interpretability. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.06295

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