Chasing the neutrino blazar candidates II: SED modeling with hadronic model

Hubing Xiao; Zhihao Ouyang; Lili Yang; Jingtian Zhu; Minfeng Gu; Liang Chen; Shaohua Zhang; Zhijian Luo; Junhui Fan

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arXiv · 2605.08775

Chasing the neutrino blazar candidates II: SED modeling with hadronic model

Hubing Xiao·Zhihao Ouyang·Lili Yang·Jingtian Zhu·Minfeng Gu·Liang Chen·Shaohua Zhang·Zhijian Luo·Junhui Fan

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Abstract

Blazars are promising candidates for high energy neutrino sources, yet the physical origin of their neutrino emission remains uncertain. In this work, we extend our previous study by modeling the broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 103 neutrino blazar candidates (NBCs) within a hadronic framework. To estimate the maximum possible neutrino output, we adopt an assumption in which the high energy emission is dominated by p gamma interactions and the contribution from leptonic inverse Compton scattering is strongly suppressed. From the SED modeling, we constrain nine key parameters describing the emission region and particle energy distributions. We perform a partial correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between neutrino luminosity and electromagnetic emission, and we found a weak or moderate correlation between optical R band and neutrino emission. Our model predicts prominent proton synchrotron emission peaking in the MeV band for most sources, with 99 out of 103 NBCs exhibiting proton synchrotron peaks within 0.1 to 100 MeV, highlighting the MeV band as a key window for distinguishing between leptonic and hadronic scenarios. Based on the model-predicted maximum neutrino fluxes, we find that three NBCs are potentially detectable by IceCube, while up to 22, 45, and 62 sources may be detectable by KM3NeT, NEON, and TRIDENT, respectively. These results provide testable predictions for future multi-messenger observations and offer new insights into the composition and radiation mechanisms of blazar jets.

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Hubing Xiao, Zhihao Ouyang, Lili Yang, Jingtian Zhu, Minfeng Gu, Liang Chen, Shaohua Zhang, Zhijian Luo, Junhui Fan. 2026-05-09. Chasing the neutrino blazar candidates II: SED modeling with hadronic model. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08775

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