Optimal non-linear mechanisms for laminar-turbulent transition of a shock-induced separated shear layer

Abstract

Laminar-turbulent transition in shock wave-boundary-layer interactions (SWBLI) remains a major challenge for hypersonic vehicle design, with implications for drag, heat transfer, and structural loads. Linear optimal perturbation analyses can identify candidate instabilities, but the full route to breakdown in SWBLI requires nonlinear optimisation. Here, we characterise the optimal transition pathway in a globally stable yet convectively unstable Mach 2.15 oblique SWBLI using a nonlinear input-output optimisation framework based on the space-time spectral Navier-Stokes formulation of Poulain et al. (Comput. Fluids, 2024). The nonlinear frequency-domain approach captures mean-flow distortion, resolves triadic energy transfers, and extracts intrinsic nonlinear stresses that activate additional instability mechanisms. We identify a four-stage pathway: (1) optimal forcing of oblique first Mack mode waves at moderate frequencies; (2) nonlinear self-interaction of counter-propagating Mack waves, generating streamwise Gortler-like vortices in the reattachment region where streamline curvature peaks; (3) lift-up of streamwise velocity streaks by these vortices; and (4) subharmonic sinuous secondary instability leading to streak breakdown. Optimisation across forcing amplitudes from infinitesimal to transitional levels yields quasi-invariant optimal forcing structures, showing that exciting the oblique first Mack mode alone can trigger the turbulent cascade. Parametric studies over frequency-wavenumber space and forcing configurations confirm this preferential pathway. By resolving nonlinear energy transfers with a finite number of harmonics, this work provides a tractable framework for transition prediction and control strategy development in high-speed separated flows, bridging linear stability theory and fully turbulent simulation.