Total Generalized Variation regularization closes the gap between neural-eld and classical methods in seismic travel-time tomography

Abstract

Travel-time tomography forces a trade-off between mesh resolution and stability in which the regularizer choice dominates what can be recovered. We introduce MIMIR, a differentiable framework that represents the 2D velocity field as a Fourier-feature neural network, replacing the grid-based slowness vector with a continuous, infinitely differentiable function. Prior neural-field tomography has staircased smooth fields under total-variation (TV) priors or oscillated near interfaces under $L^2$ Laplacian smoothing. We adopt second-order total generalized variation (TGV$^2$) and parametrize its auxiliary vector field as a second neural network jointly optimized with the velocity field, eliminating the inner Chambolle-Pock primal-dual loop that classically dominates TGV computation. On three synthetic benchmarks (Gaussian, horizontally layered, curved-fault inspired by OpenFWI) using cross-well acquisition, 5% travel-time noise, and five seeds, MIMIR-TGV$^2$ ties a classical FMM-LSMR baseline with auto-tuned hyperparameters on the Gaussian ($p=0.134$, paired $t$-test) and significantly outperforms it on layered ($p<0.0001$, 44% RMSE reduction) and curved-fault ($p=0.0002$, 33% reduction). Replacing TGV$^2$ with TV degrades performance on Gaussian ($p=0.004$) and layered ($p=0.003$); curriculum-annealed TV improves Gaussian RMSE by only 5.4%, confirming that TV's staircase bias is intrinsic to the regularizer rather than a scheduling artifact. The results empirically validate the Bredies-Kunisch-Pock prediction that piecewise-affine priors are better suited to subsurface velocity recovery than piecewise-constant TV priors. We argue that the central design choice in physics-informed neural-field inversion is not the network architecture but the regularizer. The full pipeline reproduces in under one hour on consumer hardware.