Strong Conflict-Free Vertex-Connection via Twin Cover: Kernelization and Chromatic Bounds

Abstract

A vertex-coloring of a connected graph $G$ is a strong conflict-free vertex-connection coloring if every two distinct vertices are joined by a shortest path on which some color appears exactly once. The minimum number of colors in such a coloring is the strong conflict-free vertex-connection number $\operatorname{svcfc}(G)$. We study this problem under the parameter twin cover. Let $X$ be a twin cover of $G$ of size $t$, and let $k$ be the target number of colors. In our first result, given $(G,k)$ together with a twin cover $X$, we reduce in polynomial time to an equivalent annotated instance on at most $\max\{2,t+(t+1)k2^{t+k-1}\}$ vertices. Hence the annotated version of Strong CFVC Number, in which a twin cover is supplied as part of the input, is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by $t+k$. Using this bound, we then obtain a kernel parameterized by $\operatorname{tc}(G)+k$; in particular, for every fixed $k$, the problem is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by the twin-cover number alone. In our second result, we prove every connected graph $G$ with twin cover $X$ of size $t$ satisfies $\chi(G)\le \operatorname{svcfc}(G)\le \chi(G)+t$. More generally, if $Y\subseteq X$ intersects every shortest path of length at least $3$, then $\operatorname{svcfc}(G)\le \chi(G)+|Y|$. We also derive an exact expression for the chromatic number on graphs of bounded twin-cover number: for every proper coloring $\varphi$ of $G[X]$, the minimum number of colors needed to extend $\varphi$ to all of $G$ is $K_\varphi=\max_{S\subseteq X}(|\varphi(S)|+m(S))$, and hence $\chi(G)=\min_{\varphi\text{ proper on }G[X]} K_\varphi$. Our results provide the first evidence that twin cover is a useful parameter for strong conflict-free vertex-connection and show that, once a twin cover is fixed, the remaining difficulty is concentrated in a bounded additive gap above the chromatic number.