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arXiv · 2605.13345

Multi-Agent Systems in Emergency Departments: Validation Study on a ED Digital Twin

Markus Wenzel·Tobias Strapatsas·Jessika Kress·Dorothea Sauer·Nele Gessler·Horst K. Hahn
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Abstract

Emergency departments (ED) face challenges in patient care and resource management. We propose to explore optimization strategies in a realistic and flexible model and develop a hybrid Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Agent-Based Model (ABM) simulating highly configurable ED environments. We specifically focus on the validation of the modeling approach. We derive configurations for ED sizes, patient load, and staffing from real-world studies. We then validate the model expressivity by matching its key performance indicators and metrics with their values known from literature. We proceed by implementing scientifically established and practice-proven resource optimization strategies. Comparing the documented real-world outcomes with our model's results demonstrates that the DES-ABM based simulation can effectively replicate real-world ER dynamics under interventions. We lastly integrate a Proof-of-Concept multi-agent system (MAS) that can autonomously explore resource allocation strategies within the simulated ER environment based on a temporal ledger of ED event records. This modular DES-ABM-MAS framework offers a powerful tool to explore resource optimization strategies in emergency departments.

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Markus Wenzel, Tobias Strapatsas, Jessika Kress, Dorothea Sauer, Nele Gessler, Horst K. Hahn. 2026-05-13. Multi-Agent Systems in Emergency Departments: Validation Study on a ED Digital Twin. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13345

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