DREAMS. JWST Spectroscopy of a $z=8.3$ Galaxy with an ALMA Dust Continuum Detection: Early Dust, Very High $T_{\rm dust}$, and a Multi-wavelength [OIII] Ratio Discrepancy

Abstract

We present a deep DREAMS JWST/NIRSpec MSA medium-grating spectrum of MACS0416-Y1, a galaxy at $z=8.312$ with the highest-redshift ALMA dust continuum detection to date, in order to characterize its properties together with archival IFU and ALMA data. The deep NIRSpec spectrum reveals a broad H$\beta$ line with a width of $\sim1100$ km s$^{-1}$. We interpret it as a broad-line AGN whose line diagnostics are consistent with AGN activity across its clumpy structure, given the absence of little red dot signatures. MACS0416-Y1 clearly shows [OIII]4363 emission, suggesting a moderately low metallicity of $12+\log(\mathrm{O/H})=7.86^{+0.09}_{-0.08}$ ($0.15~Z_\odot$). The combination of [CII]158$\mu$m and dust continuum emission indicates low dust mass ratios of $\log (M_{\rm dust}/M_{\rm gas})=-3.60^{+0.29}_{-0.22}$ and $\log (M_{\rm dust}/M_{\rm metal})=-0.95^{+0.29}_{-0.20}$. Because the metallicity of MACS0416-Y1 is around the critical metallicity of $0.1\textrm{-}0.2~Z_\odot$, the system is expected to undergo dust growth, explaining these low dust mass ratios as well as its small dust mass, $M_{\rm dust}\sim10^6~M_\odot$. The intense UV radiation from the AGN may contribute to a high dust temperature of $T_{\rm dust}\simeq 91^{+62}_{-35}$ K, boosting the dust-continuum emission above the ALMA detection limit despite the small $M_{\rm dust}$ at $z>8$. We find a very high total flux ratio of [OIII]88$\mu$m/[OIII]5007 = $0.26 \pm 0.06$ in MACS0416-Y1, above predictions from single ionized nebular models at any electron density. This discrepancy suggests that the [OIII]88$\mu$m and [OIII]5007 trace largely distinct regions, with the optical line suppressed in dusty nebulae, and thus requires careful interpretation when combining optical and infrared emission lines in JWST+ALMA studies.