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arXiv · 2605.20766

Diffuse to Detect: Bi-Level Sample Rebalancing with Pseudo-Label Diffusion for Point-Supervised Infrared Small-Target Detection

Zhu Liu·Yuanhang Yao·Ping Qian·Zihang Chen·Risheng Liu
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Abstract

Point supervision has become a scalable solution to address dense annotation for infrared small target detection, but its performance is limited by two coupled bottlenecks: unstable pseudo-label evolution in cluttered, low-contrast infrared imagery and severe sample-distribution imbalance. In this paper, we present a more adaptive and stable framework to address these issues. Leveraging the intrinsic consistency between thermal radiation patterns and heat diffusion, we propose a physics-induced annotation strategy that expands single-point labels into reliable pseudo-masks. To further enhance supervision and alleviate sample imbalance, we develop a bi-level dual-update framework that jointly optimizes detector weights, sample weights, and diffusion parameters. A meta-classifier dynamically predicts sample-wise loss weights, while a differentiable diffusion module refines pseudo-labels with detection feedback, enabling adaptive interaction between training and hyperparameter optimization. Extensive experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate five-fold annotation acceleration, superior detection accuracy, and comparable performance with 30% of the training data, validating the efficiency and practicality of our approach. Our code is available at https://github.com/yuanhang-yao/diffuse-to-detect.

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Zhu Liu, Yuanhang Yao, Ping Qian, Zihang Chen, Risheng Liu. 2026-05-20. Diffuse to Detect: Bi-Level Sample Rebalancing with Pseudo-Label Diffusion for Point-Supervised Infrared Small-Target Detection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20766

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