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arXiv · 2605.22916

Mg II h&k spectral line properties computed using 3D radiative transfer in an enhanced network region simulated with the MURaM-ChE code

P. Ondratschek·D. Przybylski·H. N. Smitha·J. Leenaarts·R. Cameron·S. K. Solanki
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Abstract

The Mg II h&k lines form in the middle to upper chromosphere and are well-suited to study the structure of the chromosphere. However, the details of their formation in the solar chromosphere are not fully understood. We aim to study the effects of 3D radiative transfer (RT) on the Mg II h&k line properties and to verify known correlations between the underlying atmosphere and spectral line features in a new model of the chromosphere. We forward model the Mg II h&k lines in 3D RT with partial frequency redistribution (PRD) in a self-consistent 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamics (rMHD) simulation with non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (NLTE) energy transport and non-equilibrium (NE) hydrogen ionization of an enhanced network (EN) region simulated with the chromospheric extension of MURaM (MURaM-ChE). The spatially averaged Mg II h&k spectral lines computed with 3D RT match approximately a typical IRIS observation. The peak separation is still slightly lower in the simulation. In the MURaM-ChE model, the qualitative difference between 1.5D and 3D RT results is even more pronounced than in the public Bifrost snapshot, as given in the literature. We found that this large discrepancy might partly be attributed to the horizontal velocities that are naturally included in the full 3D RT synthesis but not in typical 1.5D RT computations. We confirm that correlations between spectral line properties and the underlying atmosphere from the MURaM-ChE simulation are similar to those obtained from Bifrost, but show more scatter due to the more dynamic atmosphere. The Mg II h&k lines computed with 3D RT match the observations better in the core intensities and their distribution on the Sun compared to 1.5D computations. This underlines the importance of 3D RT in the forward modeling of Mg II h&k.

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P. Ondratschek, D. Przybylski, H. N. Smitha, J. Leenaarts, R. Cameron, S. K. Solanki. 2026-05-21. Mg II h&k spectral line properties computed using 3D radiative transfer in an enhanced network region simulated with the MURaM-ChE code. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22916

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