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arXiv · 2605.29950

Frequency-Modulated and Single-Tone Excitation to Reveal Vibro-Acoustic Nonlinearities in Loosened Bolted Joints

Berkay Kullukcu·Robin Pianowski·Dina Hannebauer
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Abstract

Preload loss in bolted joints results in alterations of the stiffness, damping, and nonlinearity of the structure, but existing monitoring techniques for rail-vehicle systems are often not capable of combining controlled shaker tests and sensing of nonlinear features. This paper proposes a method for detecting bolt loosening using a vibro-acoustic technique, where the structure is subjected to controlled shaker tests to sense the nonlinear features. A triaxial accelerometer was attached to the demonstrator, a microphone was placed in close proximity, and one of the bolts was tested under 0%, 20%, 40%, and 80% preload conditions. Single-tone and frequency-modulated (FM) signals close to the main natural frequency of 130 Hz, which was identified using sine sweep and narrow-band excitation, were applied to the demonstrator. When the structure was subjected to 130 Hz single-tone excitation, the loose state of the bolt exhibited several additional high-frequency spectral peaks. FM excitation between 125 and 135 Hz further distinguished between the states. Harmonic band power ratios, normalized to the carrier, distinguished between the loose state and the 80% preload state, where the difference between the loose and 80% preload states was 17.5 dB for l = 2 and 36.5 dB for l = 6.

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Berkay Kullukcu, Robin Pianowski, Dina Hannebauer. 2026-05-28. Frequency-Modulated and Single-Tone Excitation to Reveal Vibro-Acoustic Nonlinearities in Loosened Bolted Joints. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29950

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