On the category of modules over bands: relative schemes, hyperring schemes and proto-exactness

Abstract

Bands and idylls are algebraic structures introduced recently by M. Baker, N. Bowler, T. Jin, and O. Lorscheid in the context of matroid theory. Bands generalize hyperrings and provide a new approach to geometry over the field with one element $\mathbb{F}_1$. In the first part of this paper, we develop the theory of modules over a band, establishing several of its fundamental properties. In particular, we prove that the category of modules over a band is a closed symmetric monoidal category that is both complete and cocomplete. We then apply this theory in two directions. First, we prove that the category of band schemes is equivalent to the category of schemes relative to the category of modules over a band, in the sense of B. To\"en and M. Vaqui\'e. Second, we investigate the relationship between band schemes and the affine hyperring schemes as developed by R. Procesi-Ciampi, R. Rota, and J. Jun. Although bands generalize hyperrings, we see that the corresponding scheme theories are not compatible. Finally, we prove that the category of modules over a band admits a proto-exact structure, generalizing a result of J. Jun for hypermodules over hyperrings.