Science Earth: Towards A Planet-Scale Operating System for AI-Native Scientific Discovery

Zhe Zhao; Haibin Wen; Yingcheng Wu; Jiaming Ma; Yifan Wen; Jinglin Jian; Jiacheng Ge; Xiangru Tang; Bo An; Ming Yin; Sanfeng Wu; Mengdi Wang; Le Cong

arXiv · 2606.01316

Science Earth: Towards A Planet-Scale Operating System for AI-Native Scientific Discovery

Zhe Zhao·Haibin Wen·Yingcheng Wu·Jiaming Ma·Yifan Wen·Jinglin Jian·Jiacheng Ge·Xiangru Tang·Bo An·Ming Yin·Sanfeng Wu·Mengdi Wang·Le Cong

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Abstract

Scientific discovery demands intelligence, perseverance, and serendipity across vast search spaces. Today, top scientific capabilities remain siloed--one AI system for biological analysis, another for clinical reasoning, mathematical derivation, or materials simulation--and no pre-designed team can anticipate every skill a question will need. Science Earth is a planet-scale scientific runtime in which any capability--a simulation cluster, a wet-lab robot, a proof engine, a single-cell pipeline--can connect to any other, with collaboration structure emerging from the question itself. Its underlying EACN protocol lets capabilities discover one another, negotiate task ownership, and adjudicate across incompatible evidentiary standards without prior knowledge of who will meet whom. This shifts the organizing challenge from workflow design to open-ended connectivity. Two runs validate this under structurally distinct conditions. In a trans-Pacific higher-order Kuramoto synchronization study, agents identified and corrected a closure-ratio assumption in Ott-Antonsen analytic theory that fails outside the Lorentzian limit, within thirty minutes. In an eight-agent single-cell run on the 4.88M-cell Kang 2024 pan-cancer atlas, heterogeneous capabilities coupled over a 64.9-hour window with one structural external instruction, producing three new result layers and anchoring findings against an independent wet-lab study on an adjacent CCR8- TIGIT+ Treg subset. These cases are a first empirical reading, not a benchmark sweep. They show that when AI capabilities are truly connectable and coordination emerges from the problem, scientific reasoning becomes a distributed, self-correcting process--a step towards scaling AI-native discovery to the planet.

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Zhe Zhao, Haibin Wen, Yingcheng Wu, Jiaming Ma, Yifan Wen, Jinglin Jian, Jiacheng Ge, Xiangru Tang, Bo An, Ming Yin, Sanfeng Wu, Mengdi Wang, Le Cong. 2026-05-31. Science Earth: Towards A Planet-Scale Operating System for AI-Native Scientific Discovery. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.01316

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