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arXiv · 2606.05293

Thermalization Dynamics in the Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model with Neural-Network Quantum States

Alessandro Sinibaldi·Luciano Loris Viteritti·Riccardo Rende·Fakher F. Assaad·Giuseppe Carleo
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Abstract

Thermalization in strongly correlated fermionic systems remains a central open problem in quantum many-body physics. In this work, we investigate the real-time dynamics and the approach to thermalization in the two-dimensional Hubbard model, a paradigmatic framework for correlated electrons, relevant to high-temperature superconductivity and ultracold quantum simulation. Focusing on the half-filled square lattice, we monitor the time evolution of the double occupancy following a quench in the on-site interaction $U$, and assess whether its long-time value is captured by a canonical thermal ensemble. We employ time-dependent variational Monte Carlo methods combined with transformer-based Neural-Network Quantum States to accurately describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of fermions, especially for the behavior at long times, thereby accessing regimes that were previously inaccessible to numerical simulations. Our results reveal two dynamical behaviors: for weak to intermediate interactions, the double occupancy rapidly approaches the thermal prediction, consistent with ergodic evolution; beyond a critical interaction $U_{C}$, the dynamics remains distinct from the thermal expectation on the timescales investigated, revealing signatures of a prethermal plateau delaying fast relaxation. These results establish numerical simulation as a powerful tool to probe nonequilibrium quantum phenomena in correlated fermionic matter.

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Alessandro Sinibaldi, Luciano Loris Viteritti, Riccardo Rende, Fakher F. Assaad, Giuseppe Carleo. 2026-06-03. Thermalization Dynamics in the Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model with Neural-Network Quantum States. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05293

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