OPRD: On-Policy Representation Distillation

Shenzhi Yang; Guangcheng Zhu; Bowen Song; Haobo Wang; Mingxuan Xia; Xing Zheng; Yingfan Ma; Zhongqi Chen; Weiqiang Wang; Junbo Zhao; Gang Chen

arXiv · 2606.06021

OPRD: On-Policy Representation Distillation

Shenzhi Yang·Guangcheng Zhu·Bowen Song·Haobo Wang·Mingxuan Xia·Xing Zheng·Yingfan Ma·Zhongqi Chen·Weiqiang Wang·Junbo Zhao·Gang Chen

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Abstract

On-policy distillation (OPD) supervises the student exclusively in the output space by matching next-token distributions. This paradigm suffers from two limitations: (i) a high-variance gradient estimator whose signal-to-noise ratio collapses as the student approaches the teacher, and (ii) an LM-head information bottleneck that discards the teacher's intermediate hidden states. We propose On-Policy Representation Distillation (OPRD), the first method to lift on-policy distillation into the hidden-state space. OPRD aligns student and teacher representations across selected layers on the same on-policy rollouts, providing dense, deterministic, per-layer supervision while bypassing the LM head entirely. Theoretically, OPRD provides a deterministic per-sample gradient, removing the token-level estimation variance that plagues OPD, and exposes structural information that any output-space objective necessarily discards. Empirically, OPRD closes the student-teacher gap on competition mathematics benchmarks (AIME 2024, AIME 2025, and AIMO), where every output-space baseline plateaus below the teacher, while training 1.44x faster and using up to 54% less memory. We further extend OPRD to the cross-architecture setting via OPRD-Bridge. By exploiting the observation that heterogeneous models share a low-rank representational structure, we construct a frozen projector pair that aligns representations across arbitrary depth and width mismatches, shifting the alignment from the output space (which depends on a shared vocabulary) to the representation space. We validate OPRD-Bridge on both cross-architecture (Qwen3-4B -> Qwen3-1.7B-Base) and cross-tokenizer (Phi-4-mini-reasoning -> Qwen3-1.7B-Base) settings, demonstrating successful knowledge transfer even when the vocabulary-based alignment channel is unavailable. Code: https://github.com/ShenzhiYang2000/OPRD.

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Shenzhi Yang, Guangcheng Zhu, Bowen Song, Haobo Wang, Mingxuan Xia, Xing Zheng, Yingfan Ma, Zhongqi Chen, Weiqiang Wang, Junbo Zhao, Gang Chen. 2026-06-04. OPRD: On-Policy Representation Distillation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.06021

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