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arXiv · 2606.06655

Letter frequency in shifts of finite type with one forbidden word

Miklós Bóna·Balázs Maga·Jacob Richey
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Abstract

This work considers combinatorial and statistical aspects of {\em{shifts of finite type}}, which are families of words over a finite alphabet which avoid a fixed class of {\emph{forbidden}} sub-words. The overarching question we are interested in is: how do local statistics of a uniformly random element of the shift space depend on combinatorial features of the forbidden set? We focus on the binary alphabet $\{0,1\}$, the class of shift spaces where a single pattern is forbidden, and the average frequency of $1$s (equivalently, the probability of observing $1$ at a given position). In this case, the relevant combinatorial information is encoded by a two-variable auto-correlation polynomial associated to the forbidden word, which we call the {\em{border polynomial}}. We present several results and examples characterizing the ordering of all words by their letter frequencies: for example, we describe the set of patterns which, when forbidden, cause the frequency of $1$s to increase, decrease, or stay exactly $1/2$. Our methodologies include novel explicit local injections and bijections, generating function analysis, and a connection with a probabilistic notion of letter frequency.

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Miklós Bóna, Balázs Maga, Jacob Richey. 2026-06-04. Letter frequency in shifts of finite type with one forbidden word. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.06655

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