CF-JEPA: Mask-free forward prediction with asymmetric encoder utilization for time-series representation learning

Abstract

Self-supervised learning (SSL) for time-series representation learning is dominated by two paradigms: contrastive methods, which face challenges in constructing positive or negative pairs, and masking-based methods, which disrupt the temporal continuity of time-series signals. Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture (JEPA) offers a promising alternative by predicting in representation space rather than reconstructing raw inputs. However, existing time-series JEPA variants still rely on masking and therefore inherit its continuity problem. Crop-based Forward JEPA (CF-JEPA) is proposed as an innovative mask-free framework that replaces masking with multi-horizon forward prediction: random crops serve as context views, and short-, mid-, and long-horizon future representations are predicted in the forward temporal direction, directly leveraging the inherent temporal ordering of time-series data as a learning signal. A strong asymmetry is also identified between the online encoder and the exponential moving average (EMA) target encoder, both produced from a single training run: the online encoder develops higher-rank discriminative features, while the EMA target encoder develops smoother, lower-rank temporal features. Exploiting this asymmetry, classification is routed to the online encoder and forecasting or anomaly detection to the EMA target encoder, achieving a 27% reduction in multivariate forecasting mean squared error (MSE) at no additional training cost. Across 126 University of California, Riverside (UCR) and 26 University of East Anglia (UEA) classification datasets, eight electricity transformer temperature forecasting benchmarks, and Key Performance Indicator /Yahoo anomaly detection, CF-JEPA achieves the highest average accuracy and rank on UCR and UEA among self-supervised baselines and ranks second on univariate forecasting and k-nearest neighbors-scored anomaly detection.