Exploring the landscape of compact magic-state distillation factories

Abstract

Producing high-fidelity magic states using the smallest possible number of physical qubits and operations stands as a very important challenge to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation at scale. Besides emerging proposals for alternative methods such as cultivation, magic state distillation remains essential for achieving very low error rates. Known distillation protocols are usually built through quantum codes derived from triorthogonal matrices. Here, exploiting the specific noise structure present in magic state distillation protocols, we show that classical error-correcting codes offer a simpler framework for deriving these protocols. This formulation is particularly well suited to systematic numerical and analytical studies of distillation protocols involving a fixed number of qubits. Specifically, we use a SAT solver to derive a series of no-go theorems that relate key figures of merit, including the number of qubits and the factory distance. In particular, considering the standard implementation as a circuit of Z-diagonal Pauli product rotations followed by measurements, we show that no $T$-to-$T$ distillation protocol on fewer than eight qubits can exceed distance 3, and no $T$-to-$\mathrm{CC}Z$ protocol distance 2. Our results also include new such distillation protocols with the smallest number of qubits for a given distance in the literature, namely distance 4 and 5 $T$-to-$T$ protocols supported on 10 and 11 qubits, as well as distance 3 and 4 $T$-to-$\mathrm{CC}Z$ distillation protocols supported on 9 and 10 qubits. Finally, going beyond unitary circuits by recycling qubits through mid-circuit measurement and reinitialization, we obtain an implementation of the distance-5 $49T$-to-$1T$ protocol on only 5 active qubits.