Artificial Intelligence for Subsurface Imaging Understanding: A Decade Review of Challenges, Methods, Benchmarks, and Outlook

Abstract

Subsurface imaging interpretation bridges observed geophysical data and quantitative geological models, supporting hydrocarbon exploration, CO2 storage assessment, and geohazard monitoring. Over the past decade, machine learning and deep learning have substantially reshaped interpretation workflows. This review synthesizes the 2015-2025 literature across four tasks: structural interpretation, geobody identification, seismic facies analysis, and property estimation, tracing the field's evolution from classical machine learning through deep learning to emerging domain foundation models, and how these tasks couple within a single interpretation system. The task remains fundamentally different from other AI applications, facing ambiguous signals, interpretive non-uniqueness, sparse semantics, unfixed target locations, and scarce reliable annotations. We synthesize three defining challenges: interpretation under complex geological conditions, cross-survey semantic generalization under low information density, and the absence of reliable benchmarks. Addressing them will hinge on integrating human expertise, physical constraints, and geological priors into training and inference, and on treating uncertainty quantification as an intrinsic model output. We outline a forward-looking agenda: unified, jointly modelled interpretation systems with cross-task consistency; priors evolving from physics toward language and multimodal supervision; end-to-end uncertainty propagation; human-AI collaboration and agent-orchestrated workflows; and a more rigorous evaluation science supported by an AI-ready data ecosystem. The review is accompanied by an open benchmark resource (CIG-Bench), covering fault segmentation, relative geologic time estimation, geobody segmentation, and property modeling, with synthetic datasets, pretrained baselines, and quantitative evaluation: https://douyimin.github.io/CIG-bench