Mean First Passage Times and Fundamental Tensors of Higher Order Markov Chains

Jianhong Xu

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arXiv · 2606.10058

Mean First Passage Times and Fundamental Tensors of Higher Order Markov Chains

Jianhong Xu

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Abstract

The mean first passage times are among the most critical characteristics of a Markov chain. In this paper, we focus on the scenario in which one or more states of a higher order ergodic Markov chain are modified to be absorbing. We prove that the resulting chain has to be absorbing. For a higher order absorbing Markov chain, we prove that the equation its fundamental tensor satisfies must be nonsingular and provide a MATLAB function {\tt fund} for solving the equation. Besides, we connect each horizontal slice of the mean first passage time tensor with a fundamental tensor obtained when one state of a higher order ergodic Markov chain is modified to be absorbing, which also leads to a tensor series representation for selected mean first passage times.

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Jianhong Xu. 2026-06-08. Mean First Passage Times and Fundamental Tensors of Higher Order Markov Chains. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10058

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