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arXiv · 2606.10175

Gravitational Wave Energy Emitted in the Head-On Collision of Two Black Holes

Nesibe Derin Sivrioglu·Robert R. Caldwell
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Abstract

What is the spectrum of gravitational radiation produced by the head-on collision of two equal-mass black holes? The emission is dominated by low frequency bremsstrahlung, producing a flat energy spectrum. But where does the spectrum turn over? We propose that the lowest quasinormal mode of the final black hole marks the end of the low-frequency domain. The result is an analytic model of the total emitted energy as a function of the black hole velocity in the center of mass frame. With no free parameters, the model predicts that in the speed-of-light limit, 13.8% of the total initial energy is emitted in gravitational radiation, in good agreement with numerical relativity. This result also enables calculation of the nonlinear contribution to the memory, a persistent distortion of the spacetime after passage of the gravitational wave burst. Advances in numerical relativity simulations will enable tests of our model for increasingly relativistic speeds, providing insight into this extreme collision.

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Nesibe Derin Sivrioglu, Robert R. Caldwell. 2026-06-08. Gravitational Wave Energy Emitted in the Head-On Collision of Two Black Holes. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10175

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