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arXiv · 2606.13666

Centrally concentrated star formation in young clusters II: Jet feedback

Adilkhan Assilkhan·Sabrina M. Appel·Bekdaulet Shukirgaliyev·Ernazar Abdikamalov·Simon Portegies Zwart·Eric P. Andersson·Mukhagali Kalambay·Mordecai-Mark Mac Low
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Abstract

Protostellar jets are one of the earliest forms of stellar feedback, but their impact on star formation and cluster assembly in centrally concentrated molecular clouds remains poorly understood. We study how protostellar jets affect the star formation efficiency, the temporal variability of star formation, star cluster structure, and the early dynamical state of centrally concentrated, newly forming star clusters using the Torch star cluster formation framework. We adopt a centrally concentrated initial cloud model with mass M = 2.5 x 10^3 solar masses and compare six pairs of simulations with and without protostellar jets, supplemented by one additional higher resolution pair of simulations. We analyze our simulations using global star formation diagnostics together with structural and dynamical measures of the stellar population. Models with jet feedback achieve star formation efficiencies of 12-16%, while the corresponding models without jets yield higher efficiencies of 19-33%. Jets also cause star formation to occur in discrete bursts rather than continuously, to produce more extended and substructured stellar systems, and to leave behind stellar populations that are less tightly bound and have higher virial parameters. In our centrally concentrated initial conditions, runs with jets form stellar systems that better reproduce the observed range of the projected structural parameter Q_2D in young clusters than runs without jets, indicating that protostellar jets are an important early feedback channel even in centrally concentrated clouds that regulates star formation efficiencies and shapes the emerging cluster structure.

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Adilkhan Assilkhan, Sabrina M. Appel, Bekdaulet Shukirgaliyev, Ernazar Abdikamalov, Simon Portegies Zwart, Eric P. Andersson, Mukhagali Kalambay, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low. 2026-06-11. Centrally concentrated star formation in young clusters II: Jet feedback. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.13666

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