Universal Construction of Generalized Lyapunov Functions for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks

Abstract

A scalar potential landscape provides an intuitive description of the stability, transitions, and global organization of dynamical systems. For non-gradient dynamics, however, constructing global Lyapunov-type functions for nonlinear flows with recurrent structures remains a formidable challenge. Here, we introduce the generalized Lyapunov function (GLF), a scalar potential that is monotonically non-increasing along deterministic trajectories, as a unifying framework for nonequilibrium potentials. Conventional Lyapunov functions, Freidlin--Wentzell quasi-potentials, and potentials arising from Ao-type decompositions naturally emerge as special cases within this framework. Furthermore, we develop a data-free physics-informed neural network (PINN) approach in which the Lyapunov inequality and a weak divergence-scale compatibility condition are directly embedded into the loss function. The framework is demonstrated on diverse systems, including linear dynamics, the Hopf normal form, the van der Pol oscillator, a three-dimensional Hopf-link flow, and symmetric and asymmetric competitive Lotka--Volterra systems. The learned landscapes agree closely with analytical results where available and, more generally, successfully reveal invariant sets as low- or constant-potential structures. In particular, the van der Pol oscillator, Hopf-link flow, and asymmetric Lotka--Volterra system demonstrate that coherent GLFs can be constructed without relying on known closed-form expressions, establishing a versatile route to potential-landscape construction for complex nonlinear non-gradient systems.