High-scale Mirror Standard Model Dark Matter, Dark Phase Transitions and Gravitational Waves Implications

Abstract

We consider a scenario for dark matter in the Universe, according to which the dark matter sector is comprised by a dark Standard Model sector which interacts only gravitationally with the ordinary Standard Model sector. This dark Standard Model sector is assumed to have the same symmetries as the ordinary Standard Model, with the couplings and the scale of the mirror Standard Model sector being different than the ordinary Standard Model sector. Specifically, the scale of the mirror Standard Model sector will be assumed to be quite higher compared to the ordinary Standard Model. Also the Yukawa couplings among the mirror Higgs and the mirror fermions are assumed to be different from those of the Standard Model and we examine the effects of the different scale and of the different Yukawas on the evolution of the Universe. As we show, a mirror world phase transition occurs at high temperatures of the baryonic Universe, which can be first order or second order, depending on the scale of the Universe and the Yukawa couplings. These are dark phase transitions which occur quite earlier than the real world Standard Model electroweak phase transition. The case of a second order phase transition is quite interesting phenomenologically, since it can potentially have a direct imprint on the spectrum of stochastic gravitational waves for frequencies probed by the future gravitational wave detectors. Also we examine whether this mirror dark matter world can form atoms and as we show in some scenario the high scale mirror dark matter can have both atomic and subatomic particle components. We also give an approximation of the total equation of state of high scale mirror DM and we discuss how high scale mirror DM can reconcile contradicting observations like the Bullet cluster and the Abell 520 cluster.