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arXiv · 2606.15481

Connecting entanglement growth with local integrals of motion in the disordered Fermi-Hubbard model

Ahad Nokhostin Helm·Brandon Leipner-Johns·Rachel Wortis
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Abstract

Generically a quantum system initialized in an unentangled state will, under unitary dynamics, rapidly become entangled, a process closely related to information transport and to thermalization. Disorder can suppress the growth of entanglement and result in memory of initial conditions. In non-interacting systems this arises from localization of single-particle states, the occupancy of which is fixed by the initial condition. In interacting systems similar localized conserved quantities persist, but with the added feature that they are coupled, resulting in entanglement growth which is distinct from both non-interacting localized systems and from generic ergodic systems. The Fermi-Hubbard model has two degrees of freedom per site -- charge and spin -- and disorder may be present in both of these. We study the growth of entanglement in two scenarios -- disorder in charge equal and unequal to that in spin, and determine the distinct contributions of charge and spin degrees of freedom by expanding the Hamiltonian in terms of a set of optimally localized conserved quantities with separate charge and spin character. We find that coupling between charge and spin is significantly weaker than charge-charge and spin-spin coupling. While this decoupling is present in all our results, it is only apparent when the strength of the disorder in the two sectors is different such that there is a separation between the characteristic timescales of the contributions to entanglement made by charge and by spin.

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Ahad Nokhostin Helm, Brandon Leipner-Johns, Rachel Wortis. 2026-06-13. Connecting entanglement growth with local integrals of motion in the disordered Fermi-Hubbard model. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.15481

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