Bayesian optimization of double-pulse temporal shaping for enhanced target-normal-sheath proton acceleration under fixed laser energy

Abstract

Splitting an ultrashort drive pulse into a weak leading pulse and a strong main pulse is known to raise the energy of protons accelerated by the target-normal-sheath-acceleration (TNSA) mechanism, because the leading pulseforms a preplasma that increases the absorption of the main pulse. The allocation of energy between the two pulses and their temporal separation are coupled control parameters, and under a fixed total energy they have not been optimized jointly in a systematic way. We address this problem with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations driven by Bayesian optimization. Treating the prepulse energy fraction $r$ and the interpulse delay $\Delta t$ as free parameters under a fixed total energy, a campaign of 32 simulations, of which 16 are Sobol-initialized and 16 adaptively selected, locates an optimum at $r\approx0.07$ and $\Delta t\approx234$~fs. The proton cutoff energy increases from 7.7~MeV for the single pulse to 17.7~MeV at the optimum, a gain of about 130\%. The optimum is asymmetric with only about 7\% of the energy in the leading pulse. At the optimum the laser absorption rises from 4.84\% to 20.09\%, the bulk hot-electron temperature from 1.20 to 1.94~MeV, and the time-integrated rear sheath field by a factor of about 1.7. The optimum lies on a broad plateau in $\Delta t$, which relaxes the timing tolerance required in an experiment.