A comparative and critical study of EEGNet for fNIRS-driven cognitive load classification

Mehshan Ahmed Khan; Houshyar Asadi; Li Zhang; Mohammad reza Chalak Qazani; Ghazal Bargshady; Stefanos gkikas; Christian arzate; Sam Oladazimi; Zoran Najdovsk; Lei Wei; Chee Peng Lim

arXiv · 2606.16160

A comparative and critical study of EEGNet for fNIRS-driven cognitive load classification

Mehshan Ahmed Khan·Houshyar Asadi·Li Zhang·Mohammad reza Chalak Qazani·Ghazal Bargshady·Stefanos gkikas·Christian arzate·Sam Oladazimi·Zoran Najdovsk·Lei Wei·Chee Peng Lim

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Abstract

Accurately classifying cognitive load from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals remains a significant challenge due to temporal variability, inter-subject differences, and sensitivity to preprocessing choices. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of EEGNet for fNIRS-based cognitive load classification by systematically examining the effects of temporal segmentation strategies (overlapping vs. non-overlapping), window lengths (10s, 20s, 30s), feature extraction methods (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fast Independent Component Analysis (FastICA)), learning rate configurations (fixed and adaptive), and evaluation protocols (random split vs. subject-independent (SI)). Results from random-split experiments show that overlapping segmentation, combined with smaller fixed learning rates (0.01-0.001), yields the highest accuracies, due to temporal redundancy and dense sampling of hemodynamic transitions. However, SI evaluation reveals a substantial drop in accuracy, demonstrating limited generalization to unseen participants. Under SI evaluation, non-overlapping segmentation outperformed overlapping windows, with the best accuracy of 56.11% achieved using PCA features with a 20-second window and a 0.1 learning rate. These findings indicate that eliminating temporal redundancy helps the model learn more robust and generalizable representations of cognitive load across individuals. Although adaptive learning rate strategy improved training stability, it did not surpass the performance of optimally selected fixed learning rates. The study highlights the critical role of segmentation strategy and learning rate selection in improving model generalization and identifies methodological considerations essential for developing reliable, real-time, and SI cognitive load classification systems using fNIRS.

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Mehshan Ahmed Khan, Houshyar Asadi, Li Zhang, Mohammad reza Chalak Qazani, Ghazal Bargshady, Stefanos gkikas, Christian arzate, Sam Oladazimi, Zoran Najdovsk, Lei Wei, Chee Peng Lim. 2026-06-15. A comparative and critical study of EEGNet for fNIRS-driven cognitive load classification. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16160

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