PowerAgentBench-SS: A Benchmark for Agentic AI in Power System Steady-State Studies

Abstract

Power system benchmarks usually evaluate numerical solvers, prediction models, or sequential controllers. These benchmarks are necessary, but they do not directly test whether a Large Language Model (LLM) agent can execute an engineering workflow: inspect a grid case, select tools, call simulators, screen contingencies, propose admissible mitigations, validate results, and produce an auditable evidence trail. This paper introduces PowerAgentBench-SS, a steady-state benchmark framework for evaluating tool-using agents in power system operation and planning studies. The benchmark exposes public case data, action constraints, a tool API, and a validation budget to an agent, while a hidden evaluator recomputes physical validity and scores the submitted report. We define the agent interface, tool contract, evidence log, and risk-sensitive metrics, including submitted recall, evidence-backed recall, found recall, false-safe penalties, severity regret, residual violation score, action cost, tool-use efficiency, and workflow diagnostics. To make the framework concrete, we instantiate the protocol in a reproducible DC thermal N-2 contingency-search pilot on deterministic IEEE 39-bus operating-point variants, with scripted baselines, an LLM JSON-command adapter, three locally hosted Ollama LLM agents, and one OpenAI API agent. The results show why solver-only or answer-only evaluation is insufficient: agents are distinguished not only by top-contingency discovery, but also by validation-budget use, explicit submission, type coercions, duplicate validations, evidence-backed reporting, and mitigation behavior.