A thick-shell formalism for pulsar wind nebulae based on energy conservation

Abstract

One of the most powerful approaches to model the structural and spectral evolution of wind bubbles, and pulsar wind nebulae in particular, is based on the one-zone thin-shell formalism. By solving a set of simple equations, one can relate the spectral properties of these systems to the physical properties of the pulsar and supernova remnant. Due to its predictive power, this approach has been widely used both to fit existing objects and in population synthesis. However, there are inconsistencies when applied to the Crab nebula that have never been fully accounted for, casting doubts on its reliability. We introduce a new and more flexible formalism based on energy conservation that reconciles the observed structural and spectral properties of the Crab nebula, solving the inconsistencies, and provides a more realistic description of wind-bubble evolution. The equations of the formalism are presented and discussed, together with simplified solutions and more complex ones including radiation losses. Implications for the modeling of wind bubbles and pulsar wind nebulae are illustrated. We also introduce a new high-order upwind-implicit scheme for particle-spectrum evolution that ensures high accuracy in energy conservation, and an algebraic-vectorizable approach for synchrotron self-Compton emission in the full Klein-Nishina regime that avoids costly interpolations and integrations. We reproduce the Crab nebula structural properties and spectrum, accounting for the difference in convergence age between the optical filaments and the radio bubble, thereby removing the inconsistencies. The spectral accuracy of this approach is comparable to that of the standard one, but it is superior in reproducing structural properties and accounting for geometrical effects such as a thick layer of mixed material and the lack of efficient coupling between the wind bubble and the surrounding medium.