Upper Limits on Planet-Induced GHz Radio Emission from Inactive M Dwarfs

Abstract

Nearby short-period exoplanet systems may produce detectable stellar radio emission due to sub-Alfv\'enic star-planet interaction (SPI), but there are no confirmed cases yet. We targeted five slowly-rotating M dwarfs with transiting terrestrial planets, observing at GHz frequencies throughout their sub-day orbital periods. We did not detect any bursty SPI-like emission, but detected two stars in quiescence: LHS 3844 (unpolarized) and LHS 1678 (circularly polarized). These detections imply persistent magnetic activity at Gyr ages, especially notable for LHS 1678 given its low photometric variability, and can serve as targets for radio transit experiments. Our SPI non-detections may be due to radio beaming geometry, a sub-GHz maximum emission frequency, or undetectable flux density. If the last case applies, then flux density upper limits constrain the exoplanet magnetosphere. GJ 367 b has the tightest constraints -- no extended magnetosphere and an exoplanet field <0.8 G -- although these results depend strongly on unknown stellar wind parameters inferred from stellar rotation period. Due to their small orbital distance, our non-detection systems a priori appear to have more favorable conditions for SPI than most radio-detected SPI candidate systems in the literature, a tension that can either be resolved by favorable wind/geometry conditions on the detected candidates or by a non-SPI (stellar activity) explanation for those candidate detections. Our results favor the approach of sub-GHz searches for radio SPI, especially with the sensitivity of new/upcoming facilities such as MeerKAT, and underscore the need for observational and theoretical work to constrain the magnetized stellar wind parameters.