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arXiv · 2606.22389

Bypassing Minimization Bias: A Shift-Invariant Variance Estimator for Off-Equilibrium Local Learning Coefficients

Yingjia Cai
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Abstract

Singular Learning Theory leverages the Local Learning Coefficient (LLC) to quantify the geometry of neural network loss landscapes. However, mean-energy LLC estimators depend explicitly on an additive loss baseline, typically an estimate of the local minimum. During transient, off-equilibrium training phases, this minimum is unknown; substituting it with the lowest noisy mini-batch loss induces a systematic minimization bias that distorts the geometric measurement. In this paper, we propose the Shift-Invariant Variance Estimator (SIVE), a variance-based local LLC probe that structurally eliminates the unknown additive baseline through the variance operator. Combining this shift-invariant observable with an explicit correction derived from the Law of Total Variance, SIVE separates geometric loss fluctuations from mini-batch evaluation noise. Controlled experiments on analytically tractable toy models show that SIVE recovers the expected finite-temperature geometric signal in regimes where anchored mean estimators fail. Applied to deep neural networks, SIVE provides a robust, localized online diagnostic for tracking structural phase transitions throughout training.

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Yingjia Cai. 2026-06-21. Bypassing Minimization Bias: A Shift-Invariant Variance Estimator for Off-Equilibrium Local Learning Coefficients. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.22389

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