Probing Confining Dark Sectors with Cosmological Perturbations

Abstract

Dark matter may emerge as a composite state of a dark sector which confines in a strongly first-order phase transition (PT). To avoid structure formation constraints on warm dark matter, the dark PT must occur above the keV scale. We investigate the cosmological signatures of this scenario, focusing on a keV- to MeV-scale PT. The stochastic nature of bubble nucleation sources curvature perturbations that can be constrained by various cosmological observations. Composite dark matter inherits the isocurvature perturbations generated during the PT and sources large-scale curvature perturbations. In contrast to a PT that reheats into dark radiation, the slower redshifting of dark matter enhances the infrared tail of the curvature perturbation upon horizon entry. The PT-induced perturbations compete with the suppression of the matter power spectrum due to the free-streaming of composite dark matter. We place limits on the PT strength and temperature from cosmic microwave background anisotropies, the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest, and other probes of the small-scale matter power spectrum. In a minimal scenario where the relic density is determined by the PT parameters, this provides a concrete example of a dark matter model that is testable via measurements of cosmological perturbations -- even in the absence of a sizable nongravitational coupling to the visible sector.