How Do Tool-Augmented LLM Agents Perform on Real-World Energy Analytics Tasks?

Abstract

Agentic benchmarks have emerged across general-purpose and domain-specific settings, including finance, coding, law, and drug discovery, yet energy-domain evaluations remain largely limited to static knowledge recall. This is a critical gap for a sector that requires live data retrieval, specialized regulatory and market knowledge, and multi-step quantitative reasoning under real-world constraints. We present an empirical study of tool-augmented LLM agents on real-world energy market analytics tasks. Our evaluation environment includes 243 expert-curated problems across three categories: (1) Market Data Retrieval and Analysis, (2) Knowledge Retrieval and Interpretation, and (3) Advanced Quantitative Modeling and Decision Analytics. Tasks include price and demand analysis, tariff impact modeling, asset revenue and returns estimation, hedging strategy analysis, and optimization modeling, with problems spanning multiple difficulty levels. Agents are equipped with a configurable suite of domain tools, including live electricity market APIs for major U.S. ISOs, regulatory docket search, utility tariff databases, asset optimization models, and retrieval-augmented generation over energy market documents. We assess agent responses using a multi-dimensional evaluation protocol that scores approach correctness, answer accuracy, attribute alignment, and source validity, with category-aware routing to match scoring criteria to question type. We evaluate both closed-source and open-source LLMs, providing a comparative analysis of how model capability and domain tooling interact in a high-stakes professional domain. Key artifacts are publicly released to support reproducibility and future research.