Nonlinear nature of near-equilibrium viscous fluids

Yan Liu; Hao-Tian Sun

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arXiv · 2606.30043

Nonlinear nature of near-equilibrium viscous fluids

Yan Liu·Hao-Tian Sun

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Abstract

We study the late-time relaxation of a neutral relativistic viscous fluid in $d+1$ dimensions. In the long-wavelength regime, linearized hydrodynamics predicts that the sound mode at momentum $nk$ decays as $e^{-n^2\omega_I t}$. However, nonlinear analysis gives a decay of $e^{-n\omega_I t}$. We derive a closed asymptotic attractor solution in which the frequency of the $n$-th harmonic locks to $n$ times the complex frequency of the fundamental mode. The amplitude envelopes for energy current $J$ obey a simple cascading relation, $J_n=\alpha_J^{\,n-1}J_1^n$, with $\alpha_J$ fixed by the equation of state, the longitudinal viscosity, and the fundamental wavenumber. For conformal fluids, $\alpha_J=1/(8\eta k)$, in agreement with the holographic result of arXiv:2512.07242. The existence of the attractor shows that, even near equilibrium, field powers are not equivalent to amplitude order.

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Yan Liu, Hao-Tian Sun. 2026-06-29. Nonlinear nature of near-equilibrium viscous fluids. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.30043

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