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arXiv · 2606.31516

Resourcefulness without Resource: Geometric Origins and Robustness

Jingsong Ao·Aby Philip·Alexander Streltsov
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Abstract

A prevailing intuition holds that quantum protocols using only free states confer no operational advantage. This intuition is contradicted by free-state discrimination gaps in which restricted measurements fail to optimally distinguish even orthogonal free states. Known instances include nonlocality without entanglement and, more recently, nonstabilizerness without magic. We trace these examples to a single convex-geometric mechanism: whenever the set of free measurements is closed, convex, and strict subset the set of all measurements, and the free states is a convex set with an interior, a gap-witnessing ensemble can be drawn entirely from the free states. The resulting gap is operationally rigid: no finite-dimensional assistance -- catalyst or quantum memory -- can asymptotically improve the discrimination rate beyond the single-shot restricted limit. By contrast, non-free ensembles admit memory-assisted attacks that fully erase the gap, exposing a sharp operational asymmetry between free and resource-carrying ensembles.

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Jingsong Ao, Aby Philip, Alexander Streltsov. 2026-06-30. Resourcefulness without Resource: Geometric Origins and Robustness. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31516

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